📚 Important terms in physics for EUEE
1. Force: An interaction that causes an object to change its velocity, typically measured in newtons (N).
2. Mass: A measure of the amount of matter in an object, usually measured in kilograms (kg).
3. Weight: The force exerted by gravity on an object, calculated as the mass of the object multiplied by the acceleration due to gravity (W = mg).
4. Energy: The capacity to do work, which can exist in various forms such as kinetic, potential, thermal, and chemical energy.
5. Kinetic Energy: The energy possessed by an object due to its motion, calculated using the formula KE = 1/2 mv^2, where m is mass and v is velocity.
6. Potential Energy: The energy stored in an object due to its position or configuration, often associated with gravitational or elastic forces.
7. Work: The energy transferred to or from an object via the application of force along a displacement, calculated as W = Fd cos(θ), where F is force, d is displacement, and θ is the angle between the force and displacement vectors.
8. Power: The rate at which work is done or energy is transferred, measured in watts (W), where 1 W = 1 J/s.
9. Momentum: The quantity of motion an object has, defined as the product of its mass and velocity (p = mv).
10. Impulse: The change in momentum of an object when a force is applied over a period of time, calculated as J = F Δ t.
11. Acceleration: The rate of change of velocity of an object with respect to time, measured in meters per second squared (m/s²).
12. Newton’s Laws of Motion: Three fundamental principles that describe the relationship between the motion of an object and the forces acting on it:
- First Law: An object at rest stays at rest, and an object in motion stays in motion unless acted upon by a net external force.
- Second Law: The acceleration of an object is directly proportional to the net force acting on it and inversely proportional to its mass (F = ma).
- Third Law: For every action, there is an equal and opposite reaction.
13. Friction: The resistance encountered when one surface moves over another, which can be static or kinetic.
14. Thermodynamics: The branch of physics that deals with heat, work, temperature, and energy transfer.
15. Entropy: A measure of disorder or randomness in a system; in thermodynamics, it indicates the direction of spontaneous processes.
16. Electric Charge: A property of matter that causes it to experience a force in an electromagnetic field; charges can be positive or negative.
17. Voltage: The electric potential difference between two points in a circuit, measured in volts (V).
18. Current: The flow of electric charge in a circuit, measured in amperes (A).
19. Resistance: The opposition to the flow of electric current in a conductor, measured in ohms (Ω).
20. Ohm’s Law: A fundamental relationship in electrical circuits stating that V = IR, where V is voltage, I is current, and R is resistance.
21. Wave: A disturbance that transfers energy through space or matter, characterized by its wavelength, frequency, and amplitude.
22. Frequency: The number of cycles of a wave that pass a given point per unit time, measured in hertz (Hz).
23. Wavelength: The distance between successive crests (or troughs) of a wave, typically measured in meters.
24. Refraction: The bending of light as it passes from one medium to another due to a change in speed.
25. Reflection: The bouncing back of light or sound waves when they encounter a surface.
26. Gravity: A natural phenomenon by which all things with mass are attracted toward one another; described by Newton’s law of universal gravitation.
27. Quantum Mechanics: The branch of physics that deals with the behavior of particles on very small scales, such as atoms and subatomic particles.
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