Celtic Europe
04.03.202519:09
Late 5th century B.C. cup decorated in La Tène style with gold overlay, from the burial of a Gallic chieftain near Schwarzenbach, in Saarland, Germany. 🇩🇪
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27.02.202518:35
Bronze statuette of a stag found at a Gallic settlement near Saalfelden am Steinernen Meer, in Zell am See, Austria; 3rd or 2nd century B.C. 🇦🇹
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24.02.202516:24
Bronze ceremonial helmet decorated with three circular loops, found among the ruins of a Gallic sanctuary in Tintignac à Naves, in the Corrèze department of France; 2nd or 1st century B.C. ⚜️🇫🇷 Artist’s reconstruction shown on the right.
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22.02.202516:07
View over the Kilmartin Glen from Dunadd hill-fort; Argyll, Scotland. 🏴
Dunadd was the residence of the Cenél nGabráin kings of Dál Riata. The stone in the foreground is just outside the enclosure of the fort and has several enigmatic carvings, including one in the shape of a foot. It’s widely thought that the carving was used in inauguration ceremonies for the kings of Dál Riata, who were expected to place their right foot in the hollow during the proceedings.
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Dunadd was the residence of the Cenél nGabráin kings of Dál Riata. The stone in the foreground is just outside the enclosure of the fort and has several enigmatic carvings, including one in the shape of a foot. It’s widely thought that the carving was used in inauguration ceremonies for the kings of Dál Riata, who were expected to place their right foot in the hollow during the proceedings.
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15.02.202518:00
Gallowglass carry Gerald of Kildare off the battlefield; Ireland, 1582. 🇮🇪 Art by Seán O’Brógáin.
The scene depicts one of the last battles of the Second Desmond Rebellion (1579-1583), a rebellion started by the Anglo-Irish FitzGerald clans of Munster against the rapacity and aggression of the English crown. In one of the last encounters, the forces of Gerald FitzGerald, 14th Earl of Desmond, defeated those of Thomas Butler, 10th Earl of Ormond. FitzGerald had raided Earl Thomas’ territory and was pursued by English and Irish troops led by Ormond’s sons from Fethard to Knockgraffon in county Tipperary. There was a short battle there in which the English side was put to flight with heavy losses. The Earl of Desmond’s forces suffered a single death, that of Gerald (not the same person as the Earl of Desmond), a great grandson of “Silken” Thomas FitzGerald, 10th Earl of Kildare. It would be one of Gerald of Desmond’s last successes. By the following year his supporters had mostly either died or abandoned his cause. He was killed in November of 1583 by the Irish O’Moriarty clan near Tralee in county Kerry, ending the rebellion.
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The scene depicts one of the last battles of the Second Desmond Rebellion (1579-1583), a rebellion started by the Anglo-Irish FitzGerald clans of Munster against the rapacity and aggression of the English crown. In one of the last encounters, the forces of Gerald FitzGerald, 14th Earl of Desmond, defeated those of Thomas Butler, 10th Earl of Ormond. FitzGerald had raided Earl Thomas’ territory and was pursued by English and Irish troops led by Ormond’s sons from Fethard to Knockgraffon in county Tipperary. There was a short battle there in which the English side was put to flight with heavy losses. The Earl of Desmond’s forces suffered a single death, that of Gerald (not the same person as the Earl of Desmond), a great grandson of “Silken” Thomas FitzGerald, 10th Earl of Kildare. It would be one of Gerald of Desmond’s last successes. By the following year his supporters had mostly either died or abandoned his cause. He was killed in November of 1583 by the Irish O’Moriarty clan near Tralee in county Kerry, ending the rebellion.
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13.02.202516:35
Gold bracelets decorated in La Tène style, from the burial of a Celtic princess near Saarbrücken, in Saarland, Germany; 4th or 5th century B.C. 🇩🇪
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27.02.202518:16
Pictish stone featuring musicians and a dog, from Tower of Lethendy near Blairgowrie, in Gowrie, Scotland; 8th century AD. 🏴
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23.02.202518:23
Gold ring decorated in La Tène style; 4th century B.C. From a private collection; found near Regensburg, in Bavaria, Germany. 🇩🇪
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18.02.202517:00
Bronze knife found near Passau, in Bavaria, Germany; Urnfield Culture (13th-8th centuries B.C.) 🇩🇪
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15.02.202516:20
Aurora Borealis over the Loch of Skene, in Aberdeenshire, Scotland. 🏴 Photo by John Stoddard.
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12.02.202517:53
The Carse of Stirling; Stirling Castle and the Wallace Monument visible in the distance. 🏴 Painting by Kevin Leary.
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01.03.202516:46
Bronze torc decorated in La Tène style, discovered in the burial of a Gallic chieftain near Manre, in the Ardennes department of France; 2nd century B.C. ⚜️🇫🇷
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26.02.202518:53
The river Boyne, in county Meath, Ireland. 🇮🇪
The river Boyne was recorded as Buvinda by the Greek geographer Ptolemy, likely reflecting a Celtic name that in Old Irish would be rendered Bó Fhinn, meaning “white cow”. The Boyne valley is replete with ritual assemblages from the remotest past —including Brú na Boinne and the Hill of Tara— and the river itself always teemed with myth and lore. One of the better known stories comes from the Dindsenchas or “Lore of Places”. It tells of Boann and her curiosity toward the sacred Well of Segais, also known as “Connla’s Well”, which harbored all the wisdom and knowledge in the world. The nine hazel trees of Crimhall the Sage surrounded it, dropping their nuts into the well, where they’d be eaten by Fintán, the famed Salmon of Knowledge. No one could visit the well save Boann’s husband Nechtán, but one day she defied this prohibition and visited the well, walking around it three times. The well then burst forth in a flood, drowning Boann and carving a valley all the way to the sea. The river Boyne was thus formed, taking it’s name from the unfortunate Boann. Later on, The Boyhood Deeds of Fionn tells of how the bard Finn Eces caught the elusive salmon Fintán in the river, and of how his pupil, the hero Fionn mac Cumhaill, obtained the mystical knowledge after accidentally consuming some of the fish while cooking it for him.
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The river Boyne was recorded as Buvinda by the Greek geographer Ptolemy, likely reflecting a Celtic name that in Old Irish would be rendered Bó Fhinn, meaning “white cow”. The Boyne valley is replete with ritual assemblages from the remotest past —including Brú na Boinne and the Hill of Tara— and the river itself always teemed with myth and lore. One of the better known stories comes from the Dindsenchas or “Lore of Places”. It tells of Boann and her curiosity toward the sacred Well of Segais, also known as “Connla’s Well”, which harbored all the wisdom and knowledge in the world. The nine hazel trees of Crimhall the Sage surrounded it, dropping their nuts into the well, where they’d be eaten by Fintán, the famed Salmon of Knowledge. No one could visit the well save Boann’s husband Nechtán, but one day she defied this prohibition and visited the well, walking around it three times. The well then burst forth in a flood, drowning Boann and carving a valley all the way to the sea. The river Boyne was thus formed, taking it’s name from the unfortunate Boann. Later on, The Boyhood Deeds of Fionn tells of how the bard Finn Eces caught the elusive salmon Fintán in the river, and of how his pupil, the hero Fionn mac Cumhaill, obtained the mystical knowledge after accidentally consuming some of the fish while cooking it for him.
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23.02.202517:57
Bronze mount for a shield-boss decorated in La Tène style with a triskele, found among the hoard of items buried at Tal-y-llyn, in Gwynedd, Wales; 1st century AD. 🏴
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18.02.202515:15
Pictish stone discovered at St. Vigeans, in Angus, Scotland; 9th century AD. 🏴 The “Drosten Stone” is notable as one of four Pictish carvings that depict people using crossbows; it is thus surmised that the technology was in use among the Picts during that time. Also of note is an inscription on the stone: Drosten, i re Uoret ett Forcus. The most commonly accepted interpretation: “Tristan, in the time of Uurad and Fergus”.
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14.02.202516:56
Stone animal sculptures of the Hispanic Vettones people, known locally as “verracos” (Spanish: “Stud pigs”). 🇪🇸
(1) Madrigalejo, Extremadura, (2) Segura de Toro, Extremadura, (3) Guisando, Ávila, (4) Artistic representation of Vettones elders holding a meeting at the site of a sculpture. The custom of erecting verracos seems to have been particular to the Vettones; few such sculptures have been found in other parts of Iberia. Most of the sculptures actually represent bulls, although pigs and boars are not uncommon (hence the name). Their function and significance is unknown, though we can perhaps guess that a similar mindset existed in these people as we find reflected in the wider lore of Celtic Europe, which ascribed special, even mythical value to these animals. It brings to mind traditions such as that of the Donn Cuailnge (bull) of Irish lore and the Twrch Trwyth (boar) of Arthurian legend.
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(1) Madrigalejo, Extremadura, (2) Segura de Toro, Extremadura, (3) Guisando, Ávila, (4) Artistic representation of Vettones elders holding a meeting at the site of a sculpture. The custom of erecting verracos seems to have been particular to the Vettones; few such sculptures have been found in other parts of Iberia. Most of the sculptures actually represent bulls, although pigs and boars are not uncommon (hence the name). Their function and significance is unknown, though we can perhaps guess that a similar mindset existed in these people as we find reflected in the wider lore of Celtic Europe, which ascribed special, even mythical value to these animals. It brings to mind traditions such as that of the Donn Cuailnge (bull) of Irish lore and the Twrch Trwyth (boar) of Arthurian legend.
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01.03.202516:24
Fight Club Ministry did a series on the French Revolution; in case anyone’s interested, here it is: 👇🏻
https://t.me/fightclubministry/34615
https://t.me/fightclubministry/34616
https://t.me/fightclubministry/34617
https://t.me/fightclubministry/34618
https://t.me/fightclubministry/34619
https://t.me/fightclubministry/34620
https://t.me/fightclubministry/34621
https://t.me/fightclubministry/34622
https://t.me/fightclubministry/34623
https://t.me/fightclubministry/34624
https://t.me/fightclubministry/34615
https://t.me/fightclubministry/34616
https://t.me/fightclubministry/34617
https://t.me/fightclubministry/34618
https://t.me/fightclubministry/34619
https://t.me/fightclubministry/34620
https://t.me/fightclubministry/34621
https://t.me/fightclubministry/34622
https://t.me/fightclubministry/34623
https://t.me/fightclubministry/34624
26.02.202517:21
La Tène style sword and scabbard found somewhere in Austria; 5th or 4th century B.C. 🇦🇹 From a private collection.
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22.02.202516:53
Bronze horse-bit discovered in the mound burial of a Galatian chieftain at Hidirsihlar, in Bolu province, Turkey; 3rd century B.C. 🇹🇷
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17.02.202516:39
Canaanite invasion of Europe; 228 B.C. 🇱🇧🇹🇳⚔️🇪🇸 Art by Radu Oltean.
The scene depicts the defeat and death of Phoenician general Hamilcar Barca at the hands of Iberians. The Phoenician city-state of Carthage invaded Iberia to gain access to its mineral wealth and recover from a disastrous defeat against the Roman Republic in the First Punic War (264-241 B.C). Carthage had been building an empire in the western Mediterranean and had already invaded Sardinia and Sicily, as well as built colonies on the Spanish coast such as Cádiz, Almuñécar, and Málaga. Hamilcar invaded Spain in 237 B.C; landing at Cádiz. He won two battles against the native Iberians thanks to the use of war elephants. In the first, the presence of Celts is noted by historian Diodorus Siculus, who says it was even a Celtic general named Istolatios who led the Iberians, being killed in the battle together with his brother. The second battle resulted in the capture and torture of an Iberian ruler named Indortes. Hamilcar augmented his army with native recruits, who were even sent to north Africa with his son Hasdrubal the Fair the next year to put down a Berber revolt. He then continued the conquest of southern Spain successfully for nine years, building a new colony at Akra Leuke (modern Alicante) and exploiting the mines of the Sierra Morena. In the year 228 B.C; Hamilcar besieged the Iberian city of Heliké. An Iberian warlord named Orissus came to relieve the city and fought a battle against the Phoenicians. The Spanish negated the advantage of the African war elephants by stampeding herds of bulls with torches tied to their horns against them. The elephants panicked and the Phoenician army was thrown into disorder, then set upon and cut to pieces. Hamilcar was chased down and drowned in a river by the natives. The conquest project would continue under Hamilcar’s sons Hasdrubal the Fair (who was assassinated in 221 B.C; by a Celtiberian slave) and Hannibal, until it was eventually defeated and completely undone by the Roman Republic in the Second Punic War (218-201 B.C).
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The scene depicts the defeat and death of Phoenician general Hamilcar Barca at the hands of Iberians. The Phoenician city-state of Carthage invaded Iberia to gain access to its mineral wealth and recover from a disastrous defeat against the Roman Republic in the First Punic War (264-241 B.C). Carthage had been building an empire in the western Mediterranean and had already invaded Sardinia and Sicily, as well as built colonies on the Spanish coast such as Cádiz, Almuñécar, and Málaga. Hamilcar invaded Spain in 237 B.C; landing at Cádiz. He won two battles against the native Iberians thanks to the use of war elephants. In the first, the presence of Celts is noted by historian Diodorus Siculus, who says it was even a Celtic general named Istolatios who led the Iberians, being killed in the battle together with his brother. The second battle resulted in the capture and torture of an Iberian ruler named Indortes. Hamilcar augmented his army with native recruits, who were even sent to north Africa with his son Hasdrubal the Fair the next year to put down a Berber revolt. He then continued the conquest of southern Spain successfully for nine years, building a new colony at Akra Leuke (modern Alicante) and exploiting the mines of the Sierra Morena. In the year 228 B.C; Hamilcar besieged the Iberian city of Heliké. An Iberian warlord named Orissus came to relieve the city and fought a battle against the Phoenicians. The Spanish negated the advantage of the African war elephants by stampeding herds of bulls with torches tied to their horns against them. The elephants panicked and the Phoenician army was thrown into disorder, then set upon and cut to pieces. Hamilcar was chased down and drowned in a river by the natives. The conquest project would continue under Hamilcar’s sons Hasdrubal the Fair (who was assassinated in 221 B.C; by a Celtiberian slave) and Hannibal, until it was eventually defeated and completely undone by the Roman Republic in the Second Punic War (218-201 B.C).
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14.02.202515:55
Ruins of the hill-fort of Las Cogotas, in Ávila province, Spain. 🇪🇸
Las Cogotas was inhabited continually from the 12th to the 1st centuries B.C. Its massive walls enclosed a total of 14.5 hectares, with human habitation mainly being in the higher acropolis, while the outer enclosure seems to have been used mostly to corral livestock. It was one of the principal settlements of the Indo-European Vettones people of western Spain. They were descended from the very first Indo-Europeans to have entered the Iberian peninsula, coming from somewhere in Central Europe in the mid 3rd millenium B.C. The area where we later find the Vettones was the first area of settlement for these people, before they began propagating to other parts of the peninsula. Genetic studies on bone material have shown that their paternal lineages were the same as those of the Celts (R1b-P312>DF27). Their archaic Indo-European language survived up until Roman times, and is now documented as Lusitanian (the Vettones were one of the peoples inhabiting the wider region bearing the name Lusitania). Their culture was one of semi-nomadic livestock herders. It was a lifestyle that Indo-Europeans had brought from the Eurasian steppes, and the semi-arid savannas and oak woods of Iberia happened to be ideal for it. The culture of the Vettones came to be heavily influenced by that of the Celtiberians, whose forebears arrived in Iberia at around the same time when Las Cogotas was first built. In every respect, the archaeological “Cogotas II” culture is identical to that of the Celtiberians, having adopted the craftsmanship styles and even the crematory funeral rites of the Celts. By the 5th century B.C; Celtiberians had even settled in Lusitania to the south of the Vettones (recorded there as “Celtici”), and the two peoples would later participate together in the wars against the Roman conquerors.
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Las Cogotas was inhabited continually from the 12th to the 1st centuries B.C. Its massive walls enclosed a total of 14.5 hectares, with human habitation mainly being in the higher acropolis, while the outer enclosure seems to have been used mostly to corral livestock. It was one of the principal settlements of the Indo-European Vettones people of western Spain. They were descended from the very first Indo-Europeans to have entered the Iberian peninsula, coming from somewhere in Central Europe in the mid 3rd millenium B.C. The area where we later find the Vettones was the first area of settlement for these people, before they began propagating to other parts of the peninsula. Genetic studies on bone material have shown that their paternal lineages were the same as those of the Celts (R1b-P312>DF27). Their archaic Indo-European language survived up until Roman times, and is now documented as Lusitanian (the Vettones were one of the peoples inhabiting the wider region bearing the name Lusitania). Their culture was one of semi-nomadic livestock herders. It was a lifestyle that Indo-Europeans had brought from the Eurasian steppes, and the semi-arid savannas and oak woods of Iberia happened to be ideal for it. The culture of the Vettones came to be heavily influenced by that of the Celtiberians, whose forebears arrived in Iberia at around the same time when Las Cogotas was first built. In every respect, the archaeological “Cogotas II” culture is identical to that of the Celtiberians, having adopted the craftsmanship styles and even the crematory funeral rites of the Celts. By the 5th century B.C; Celtiberians had even settled in Lusitania to the south of the Vettones (recorded there as “Celtici”), and the two peoples would later participate together in the wars against the Roman conquerors.
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10.02.202517:22
Aberlleiniog Castle; Isle of Anglesey, Wales. 🏴
Aberlleiniog was built by Norman (English) invaders in the 1080s AD, when king Gruffudd ap Cynan of Gwynedd was treacherously kidnapped and imprisoned by Hugh d’Avranches, 1st Earl of Chester. The original castle was a timber structure of motte-and-bailey type (image 4: artistic reconstruction); the stone ruins are of a newer castle that was built in the 17th century. Gruffudd escaped after several years in captivity, going to Ireland and then to the Hebrides Islands of Scotland. There, he obtained help from the famous Norse-Gaelic king of Dublin and the Isles, Godred Crovan, who outfitted him with a fleet of sixty ships. Gruffud returned thus to Wales in the year 1094, and recovered his kingdom. The Welsh and Norse-Gaels fought several skirmishes on Anglesey, taking Castell Aberlleiniog by assault in a battle in which 125 English defenders were killed, including the castle’s warden. Hugh’s nephew Robert de Tillieul —who was then ruling Gwynedd as his personal fief— was also killed outside his castle of Deganwy by a raiding force of three ships led by either Gruffudd or Godred. The king of England, William II Rufus, responded to the Welsh reconquest by leading two full scale invasions of Gwynedd in the years 1095 and 1097, seeking to drive out Gruffudd; both invasions failed. The Normans tried again the following year, and managed to drive Gruffudd back to Anglesey and again to Ireland after bribing some Viking mercenaries he’d hired so that they switched sides. However, the Normans experienced unusual bad luck, as a Norwegian fleet of six ships arrived in Anglesey, led by king Magnus III “Barefoot”. The Norwegians routed the English in a battle in which Hugh of Montgomery, 2nd Earl of Shrewsbury —who’d been involved in the kidnapping of Gruffudd over a decade earlier— was killed by an arrow shot by king Magnus himself. The Normans evacuated the island and Magnus considered it conquered for Norway. The following year, with the Norwegians having returned to Scandinavia, Gruffudd came back from Dublin and reclaimed Anglesey and the greater part of Gwynedd.
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Aberlleiniog was built by Norman (English) invaders in the 1080s AD, when king Gruffudd ap Cynan of Gwynedd was treacherously kidnapped and imprisoned by Hugh d’Avranches, 1st Earl of Chester. The original castle was a timber structure of motte-and-bailey type (image 4: artistic reconstruction); the stone ruins are of a newer castle that was built in the 17th century. Gruffudd escaped after several years in captivity, going to Ireland and then to the Hebrides Islands of Scotland. There, he obtained help from the famous Norse-Gaelic king of Dublin and the Isles, Godred Crovan, who outfitted him with a fleet of sixty ships. Gruffud returned thus to Wales in the year 1094, and recovered his kingdom. The Welsh and Norse-Gaels fought several skirmishes on Anglesey, taking Castell Aberlleiniog by assault in a battle in which 125 English defenders were killed, including the castle’s warden. Hugh’s nephew Robert de Tillieul —who was then ruling Gwynedd as his personal fief— was also killed outside his castle of Deganwy by a raiding force of three ships led by either Gruffudd or Godred. The king of England, William II Rufus, responded to the Welsh reconquest by leading two full scale invasions of Gwynedd in the years 1095 and 1097, seeking to drive out Gruffudd; both invasions failed. The Normans tried again the following year, and managed to drive Gruffudd back to Anglesey and again to Ireland after bribing some Viking mercenaries he’d hired so that they switched sides. However, the Normans experienced unusual bad luck, as a Norwegian fleet of six ships arrived in Anglesey, led by king Magnus III “Barefoot”. The Norwegians routed the English in a battle in which Hugh of Montgomery, 2nd Earl of Shrewsbury —who’d been involved in the kidnapping of Gruffudd over a decade earlier— was killed by an arrow shot by king Magnus himself. The Normans evacuated the island and Magnus considered it conquered for Norway. The following year, with the Norwegians having returned to Scandinavia, Gruffudd came back from Dublin and reclaimed Anglesey and the greater part of Gwynedd.
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