Celtic Europe
Online museum and repository for historical and ancestral knowledge.
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चैनल निर्माण की तिथिApr 20, 2022
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17.04.202514:53
The humiliation of the Roman army after the Battle of Burdigala; painting by Charles Gleyre. 🇨🇭🇫🇷⚔️🏳️
This scene played out in the year 107 B.C; half a century before Julius Caesar’s encounter with the Gallic Helvetii. It was in the context of the Cimbrian War, when Germanic tribes from the far north had invaded Gaul in search of a new homeland. The Roman Republic had —of course— chosen to intervene, which resulted in the destruction of two Roman armies by the migrants. Seeing an opportunity to obtain plunder, the Celtic Tigurini —a sept of the Helvetii of Switzerland— made an alliance with the Germans and began taking part in their raids. To protect its colonies in southern Gaul, Rome dispatched another large army led by consul Lucius Cassius Longinus, and assisted by colleagues L. Piso Caesonius, and Gaius Popilius Laenas.
The Romans encountered a part of the Germanic horde near Toulouse, defeating them in a minor encounter that boosted their confidence. They then advanced on Burdigala (Bordeaux, France), where their opponents had fortified their position and prepared for a siege. It was a trap. As Longinus and his army advanced on Burdigala to surround and assault it, they were ambushed by the Tigurini and the Volcae (another Gallic tribe from southern France), who’d concealed themselves just outside the town. The Roman army was routed with over 10,000 killed, including Longinus and Caesonius. The Celts followed up their victory to the Roman camp, where Laenas was forced to surrender himself and the rest of the battered army. The Tigurini chieftain Divico spared their lives, but had them disarmed, stripped, and made to “pass under the yoke”. This was a ritual humiliation where they marched between two columns of enemy soldiers forming a tunnel with their spears, forcing them to bow their heads low under the shafts. Rome never forgot this humiliation, and 49 years later, Caesar claimed Divico was present with the Helvetii in the campaign that led to their defeat at the Battle of Bibracte. Given that so much time had passed and Divico is conspicuously absent from Caesar’s narration of the drama leading up the the migration, this was probably not true.
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This scene played out in the year 107 B.C; half a century before Julius Caesar’s encounter with the Gallic Helvetii. It was in the context of the Cimbrian War, when Germanic tribes from the far north had invaded Gaul in search of a new homeland. The Roman Republic had —of course— chosen to intervene, which resulted in the destruction of two Roman armies by the migrants. Seeing an opportunity to obtain plunder, the Celtic Tigurini —a sept of the Helvetii of Switzerland— made an alliance with the Germans and began taking part in their raids. To protect its colonies in southern Gaul, Rome dispatched another large army led by consul Lucius Cassius Longinus, and assisted by colleagues L. Piso Caesonius, and Gaius Popilius Laenas.
The Romans encountered a part of the Germanic horde near Toulouse, defeating them in a minor encounter that boosted their confidence. They then advanced on Burdigala (Bordeaux, France), where their opponents had fortified their position and prepared for a siege. It was a trap. As Longinus and his army advanced on Burdigala to surround and assault it, they were ambushed by the Tigurini and the Volcae (another Gallic tribe from southern France), who’d concealed themselves just outside the town. The Roman army was routed with over 10,000 killed, including Longinus and Caesonius. The Celts followed up their victory to the Roman camp, where Laenas was forced to surrender himself and the rest of the battered army. The Tigurini chieftain Divico spared their lives, but had them disarmed, stripped, and made to “pass under the yoke”. This was a ritual humiliation where they marched between two columns of enemy soldiers forming a tunnel with their spears, forcing them to bow their heads low under the shafts. Rome never forgot this humiliation, and 49 years later, Caesar claimed Divico was present with the Helvetii in the campaign that led to their defeat at the Battle of Bibracte. Given that so much time had passed and Divico is conspicuously absent from Caesar’s narration of the drama leading up the the migration, this was probably not true.
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22.04.202514:45
Iron weapons from the cremation burial of a Celtiberian warrior, found near San Miguel de Bernuy, in Segovia province, Spain; 4th century B.C. 🇪🇸 The finds included a shield-boss, Bernorio-Miraveche type dagger and sheath, javelin, spearhead, a piece of unknown purpose, and a brooch.
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08.04.202517:53
Ancient authors on Celtic Hospitality:
Diodorus Siculus: Library of History, Book 5, Chapter 34.
Gerald of Wales: Description of Wales, Chapter X; On Hospitality and Liberality.
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As for the customs they follow toward malefactors and enemies the Celtiberians are cruel, but toward strangers they are honourable and humane. Strangers, for instance, who come among them they one and all entreat to stop at their homes and they are rivals one of another in their hospitality…
Diodorus Siculus: Library of History, Book 5, Chapter 34.
No one of this nation (Welsh) ever begs, for the houses of all are common to all; and they consider liberality and hospitality amongst the first virtues. So much does hospitality here rejoice in communication, that it is neither offered nor requested by travellers, who, on entering any house, only deliver up their arms. When water is offered to them, if they suffer their feet to be washed, they are received as guests; for the offer of water to wash the feet is with this nation a hospitable invitation. But if they refuse the proffered service, they only wish for morning refreshment, not lodging. The young men move about in troops and families under the direction of a chosen leader. Attached only to arms and ease, and ever ready to stand forth in defence of their country, they have free admittance into every house as if it were their own. Those who arrive in the morning are entertained till evening with the conversation of young women, and the music of the harp; for each house has its young women and harps allotted to this purpose… in each family the art of playing on the harp is held preferable to any other learning. In the evening, when no more guests are expected, the meal is prepared according to the number and dignity of the persons assembled, and according to the wealth of the family who entertains. The kitchen does not supply many dishes, nor high-seasoned incitements to eating. The house is not furnished with tables, cloths, or napkins. They study nature more than splendour, for which reason, the guests being seated in threes, instead of couples as elsewhere, they place the dishes before them all at once upon rushes and fresh grass, in large platters or trenchers. They also make use of a thin and broad cake of bread, baked every day, such as in old writings was called
lagana
; and they sometimes add chopped meat, with broth. Such a repast was formerly used by the noble youth, from whom this nation boasts its descent, and whose manners it still partly imitates… While the family is engaged in waiting on the guests, the host and hostess stand up, paying unremitting attention to everything, and take no food till all the company are satisfied; that in case of any deficiency, it may fall upon them. A bed made of rushes, and covered with a coarse kind of cloth manufactured in the country, called
brychan
, is then placed along the side of the room, and they all in common lie down to sleep…
Gerald of Wales: Description of Wales, Chapter X; On Hospitality and Liberality.
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31.03.202515:09
Arthur crushes the Anglo-Saxons at the Battle of Badon; art by Peter Dennis. 🏴⚔️🏴
The Battle of Badon was the feat that made Arthur a legend. After decades of war between Saxon invaders and native Romano-Britons, Arthur led the Britons of the Kingdom of Dumnonia (in England’s West Country) to a resounding victory that put an end to the war. The battle was mentioned by notable historians like Gildas, Bede, and Nennius, while the Annals of Wales record it in the year AD 516. Modern scholarship has favored AD 493 as a more likely date.
Not many details of the battle are known. The question as to the location of the battle, for example, remains unsolved. What’s knowable from the various accounts is that the Saxons had been brutally conquering Britain and were suddenly checked by the Britons in a battle where they suffered mass casualties. Some sources refer to the conflict as a “siege”, but it’s unclear which side was the besieged. From Nennius’ account (and Geoffrey of Monmouth’s) we get the detail that Arthur bore the image of the Virgin Mary on his shield —named Pridwen by Monmouth— during the battle, while the Annals of Wales differ and say it was the cross of Christ. Welsh tradition identifies Arthur’s antagonist as Osla Gyllellfawr (“Osla of the big knife”), who might be identifiable as the Jutish king Octa of Kent. The Dream of Rhonabwy portrays Arthur more concerned with playing a game of Celtic chess (gwyddbwyll) against one of his own men prior to the battle. The Saxons request a truce and Arthur grants it. The tale thus implies that the subsequent battle was a result of a violation of said truce.
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The Battle of Badon was the feat that made Arthur a legend. After decades of war between Saxon invaders and native Romano-Britons, Arthur led the Britons of the Kingdom of Dumnonia (in England’s West Country) to a resounding victory that put an end to the war. The battle was mentioned by notable historians like Gildas, Bede, and Nennius, while the Annals of Wales record it in the year AD 516. Modern scholarship has favored AD 493 as a more likely date.
Not many details of the battle are known. The question as to the location of the battle, for example, remains unsolved. What’s knowable from the various accounts is that the Saxons had been brutally conquering Britain and were suddenly checked by the Britons in a battle where they suffered mass casualties. Some sources refer to the conflict as a “siege”, but it’s unclear which side was the besieged. From Nennius’ account (and Geoffrey of Monmouth’s) we get the detail that Arthur bore the image of the Virgin Mary on his shield —named Pridwen by Monmouth— during the battle, while the Annals of Wales differ and say it was the cross of Christ. Welsh tradition identifies Arthur’s antagonist as Osla Gyllellfawr (“Osla of the big knife”), who might be identifiable as the Jutish king Octa of Kent. The Dream of Rhonabwy portrays Arthur more concerned with playing a game of Celtic chess (gwyddbwyll) against one of his own men prior to the battle. The Saxons request a truce and Arthur grants it. The tale thus implies that the subsequent battle was a result of a violation of said truce.
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22.04.202516:11
Pre-Roman peoples of northern Italy and the Alps. 🇮🇹🇫🇷🇨🇭🇱🇮🇦🇹🇸🇮🇭🇷
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19.04.202517:04
Modern reenactors as 14th century Breton knights. 🇫🇷 Location unknown, possibly Russia.
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03.04.202516:57
Gold finger-ring decorated in La Tène style with ram’s head and human head motifs; 4th century B.C. The ring was donated to the Metropolitan Museum of Art in New York City, USA, by private collectors from Germany. The specific provenance of the ring is unknown, though its is thought to have come from a grave of a Gallic chieftain somewhere in Southwestern Germany. 🇩🇪
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14.04.202517:13
The Shetland Islands of Scotland… the mythical Thule? 🏴
Many ancient historians, based on the accounts of the Greek explorer Pytheas of Massalia (~350-306 B.C.) speculated about a mysterious island in the far north, named Thule. For a time, it appears that the conventional belief was that Thule was in what’s now Scotland. First century Roman poets like Silius Italicus and Martial spoke of Thule being inhabited by blue-painted, chariot-riding Britons, while Tacitus stated that Thule was visible to Roman sailors and marines campaigning in Orkney around AD 83; this strongly suggests that Thule was Shetland. Three centuries later, the poet Claudian implied that Roman naval raids had gone there and encountered Picts (“…Thule was warm with the blood of Picts”).
However, the descriptions of other authors, including earlier ones, seem to contradict the notion that Thule was in Scotland. Strabo and Pliny the Elder placed Thule six days’ sail north of Britain, which would imply Scandinavia or Iceland. Strabo described the inhabitants as farmers who grew millet and brewed both beer and mead. Writing later in the 4th century, Solinus also described Thule as a fertile paradise for farmers. These details would rule out both Shetland and Iceland, as neither are exactly ideal for agriculture —especially millet— and Iceland was entirely uninhabited. Their descriptions seem far more descriptive of Germanic Scandinavia, specifically Norway. Pliny’s account —like several others— also describes Thule as being so northerly as to have perpetual daylight and perpetual darkness lasting six months. In the sixth century, Procopius identified Thule specifically with Scandinavia, mentioning several Germanic peoples there, and also described 40 days of perpetual darkness in mid-winter. Other accounts, like those of Orosius, Servius the Grammarian, and Isidore of Seville, identify Thule rather with Iceland. As most accounts —including the earliest— seem to identify Thule either with Scandinavia or with Iceland, such an identification is more likely than any location in Scotland.
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Many ancient historians, based on the accounts of the Greek explorer Pytheas of Massalia (~350-306 B.C.) speculated about a mysterious island in the far north, named Thule. For a time, it appears that the conventional belief was that Thule was in what’s now Scotland. First century Roman poets like Silius Italicus and Martial spoke of Thule being inhabited by blue-painted, chariot-riding Britons, while Tacitus stated that Thule was visible to Roman sailors and marines campaigning in Orkney around AD 83; this strongly suggests that Thule was Shetland. Three centuries later, the poet Claudian implied that Roman naval raids had gone there and encountered Picts (“…Thule was warm with the blood of Picts”).
However, the descriptions of other authors, including earlier ones, seem to contradict the notion that Thule was in Scotland. Strabo and Pliny the Elder placed Thule six days’ sail north of Britain, which would imply Scandinavia or Iceland. Strabo described the inhabitants as farmers who grew millet and brewed both beer and mead. Writing later in the 4th century, Solinus also described Thule as a fertile paradise for farmers. These details would rule out both Shetland and Iceland, as neither are exactly ideal for agriculture —especially millet— and Iceland was entirely uninhabited. Their descriptions seem far more descriptive of Germanic Scandinavia, specifically Norway. Pliny’s account —like several others— also describes Thule as being so northerly as to have perpetual daylight and perpetual darkness lasting six months. In the sixth century, Procopius identified Thule specifically with Scandinavia, mentioning several Germanic peoples there, and also described 40 days of perpetual darkness in mid-winter. Other accounts, like those of Orosius, Servius the Grammarian, and Isidore of Seville, identify Thule rather with Iceland. As most accounts —including the earliest— seem to identify Thule either with Scandinavia or with Iceland, such an identification is more likely than any location in Scotland.
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08.04.202518:27
Highland Hospitality. 🏴 1832 painting by John Frederick Lewis.
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03.04.202516:10
Digital facial reconstruction of king Robert I “the Bruce” of Scotland (AD 1306-1329). 🏴 Project by University of Liverpool and University of Glasgow. The reconstruction was carried out using the king’s skull, found at Dunfermline Abbey.
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24.03.202517:51
The adventures of Roussel de Bailleul; how a band of French knights almost succeded in reviving a Gallic state (i.e. Galatia) in Anatolia. ⚜️🇫🇷🇬🇷🇹🇷
Roussel de Bailleul was a medieval French knight who’d taken part in the Norman conquest of southern Italy, driving out Muslim invaders. He later went to Constantinople to help the Eastern Roman (i.e. “Byzantine”) Empire fight against the Seljuq Turks. Emperor Romanos IV Diogenes unwisely divided his forces before the 1071 Battle of Manzikert, where he was decisively defeated by the Seljuqs, and also captured and utterly humiliated. De Bailleul and his 3,000 French companions were among the units detached prior to the engagement, and so had not participated in the battle. Two years later, De Bailleul was dispatched to reconquer central Anatolia from the Turks. He successfully took Galatia and parts of Lycaonia, but then rebelled and set up an independent state. A Byzantine army sent to crush him was defeated at the Battle of the Zampos Bridge, and the French captured the commander and kaisar John Doukas, as well as his son Andronikos (the latter had betrayed and abandoned emperor Romanos at Manzikert, contributing to the disaster). De Bailleul then sacked Chrysopolis just opposite Constantinople and installed his prisoner, Doukas, as a puppet emperor. The rival emperor, Doukas’ nephew Michael VII, turned to the Turkish enemy for help. The Seljuq general Artuq was hired to attack De Bailleul and did so, defeating him through overwhelming numbers in a battle near Malagina and taking both him and John Doukas as prisoners. De Bailleul was ransomed by his wife and returned to Galatia, from where he continued to conquer territory in Anatolia (shown with green Rs on the map). The Byzantines sent another army against him in 1075, which succeeded in capturing him through treachery. He was released shortly afterward and brought back into Byzantine service. He helped capture the rebel official Nikephoritzes in the year 1078, but died shortly thereafter. Some years later, relatives of De Ballieul migrated from France to England, and from there to Scotland, where they became the renown Balliol clan. The Scottish throne would even be occupied by two members of the House of Balliol, John and Edward.
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Roussel de Bailleul was a medieval French knight who’d taken part in the Norman conquest of southern Italy, driving out Muslim invaders. He later went to Constantinople to help the Eastern Roman (i.e. “Byzantine”) Empire fight against the Seljuq Turks. Emperor Romanos IV Diogenes unwisely divided his forces before the 1071 Battle of Manzikert, where he was decisively defeated by the Seljuqs, and also captured and utterly humiliated. De Bailleul and his 3,000 French companions were among the units detached prior to the engagement, and so had not participated in the battle. Two years later, De Bailleul was dispatched to reconquer central Anatolia from the Turks. He successfully took Galatia and parts of Lycaonia, but then rebelled and set up an independent state. A Byzantine army sent to crush him was defeated at the Battle of the Zampos Bridge, and the French captured the commander and kaisar John Doukas, as well as his son Andronikos (the latter had betrayed and abandoned emperor Romanos at Manzikert, contributing to the disaster). De Bailleul then sacked Chrysopolis just opposite Constantinople and installed his prisoner, Doukas, as a puppet emperor. The rival emperor, Doukas’ nephew Michael VII, turned to the Turkish enemy for help. The Seljuq general Artuq was hired to attack De Bailleul and did so, defeating him through overwhelming numbers in a battle near Malagina and taking both him and John Doukas as prisoners. De Bailleul was ransomed by his wife and returned to Galatia, from where he continued to conquer territory in Anatolia (shown with green Rs on the map). The Byzantines sent another army against him in 1075, which succeeded in capturing him through treachery. He was released shortly afterward and brought back into Byzantine service. He helped capture the rebel official Nikephoritzes in the year 1078, but died shortly thereafter. Some years later, relatives of De Ballieul migrated from France to England, and from there to Scotland, where they became the renown Balliol clan. The Scottish throne would even be occupied by two members of the House of Balliol, John and Edward.
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28.03.202514:35
La Seña Bermeja (“The Scarlet Flag”); flag of the Spanish city of Zamora. 🇪🇸
Eight red stripes memorialize the Lusitanian hero Viriathus, representing the eight battles he won against Roman armies trying to conquer Iberia (148-139 B.C.) The green stripe was awarded by king Ferdinand II of Aragón (and V of Castile) in recognition for aid rendered to him by the people of the city at the 1476 Battle of Toro during the War of Castilian Succession.
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Eight red stripes memorialize the Lusitanian hero Viriathus, representing the eight battles he won against Roman armies trying to conquer Iberia (148-139 B.C.) The green stripe was awarded by king Ferdinand II of Aragón (and V of Castile) in recognition for aid rendered to him by the people of the city at the 1476 Battle of Toro during the War of Castilian Succession.
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