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TheBeakerLady

Channel about early Indo-European cultures, genetics, and archaeology with a focus on the steppe hypothesis.

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Channel creation dateJan 05, 2023

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19.04.202501:10

Burial of a Yamnaya child (6-7 years) with four sheep knuckle bones as a grave good. This is yet another example of how some children were also given careful burials in the Yamnaya culture. I wonder if these were used as a toy or for religious reasons (or both). His burial chamber inside the kurgan may have been supported by wooden posts. There is evidence based on how his head was position that a pillow may have been used to support his head showing that maybe Yamnaya used them for sleeping. The burial name is Peschany-4, kurgan 13 and the source of the information and image is from the supplementary file of the recent paper "The genetic origin of the Indo-Europeans". Lazaridis, I., Patterson, N., Anthony, D. et al. The genetic origin of the Indo-Europeans. Nature 639, 132–142 (2025).

17.04.202501:45

An artistic representation I put together of a Yamnaya chieftain inspired by the famous Kernosivsky Stelae. Weapons featured took reference from archeology and the stelae and the belt buckle is from the Catacomb culture. I gave him a pointed beard like the stelae and braids because of the hair rings found in archeology. The face is from my latest Yamnaya artistic reconstruction. I used photo bashing techniques and some other tools to merge together different images with some major photo editing (this took days to get right). I am quite please with how it turned out. I look forward to using it to bring other ancient cultures to life.
One of the sources of inspiration: https://commons.m.wikimedia.org/wiki/File:Yamna_1.png#mw-jump-to-license

15.04.202522:27

My new artistic reconstruction of a Yamnaya man from a kurgan from the Samara region in Russia.

This piece is inspired by a professional reconstruction of a Yamnaya skull by A.I Nechvaloda. https://sapiensbio.ru/rekonstrukczii/avtor-nechvaloda-a-i-graficheskaya-rekonstrukcziya-licza-po-cherepu-muzhchiny-yamnoj-kultury-povolzhe/

07.04.202501:12

I am experimenting with the image generator in ChatGPT to help create educational visualizations of bronze age steppe cultures.

The first image is of a Fatyanovo burial and the second image is of a Yamnaya man in front of a wagon. I uploaded into the prompts some of my artistic reconstructions in order to help guide the output. I then made minor edits to both images to increase accuracy.

The axe in the Yamnaya image was inspired by the axe artifact in this image linked below:

https://commons.m.wikimedia.org/wiki/File:Yamna_1.png

21.03.202500:48

Touching burial of a Yamnaya baby inside of a kurgan. He was laid to rest in a single grave pit and placed on his back with legs flexed in accordance with Yamnaya burial rituals.

His remains were dna tested and he was assigned the R1b1a1b1b (R-M12149) haplogroup.

Source:

https://www.biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2024.04.17.589600v1.supplementary-material

16.03.202523:05

Here are some quick facts about the Middle Dnieper Culture (early subgroup of Corded Ware Culture).

1. Economy: Cattle herding along with some agriculture
2. Lived in houses with pillars and hearths.
3. Had kurgans, flat graves, and even cremations
4. Culture included both stone axes and metal axes.
5. Theorized by some archeologists to have a solar and fire cult.

Summarized this info by using google translate to read the Russian language Wikipedia page on this culture. Sadly much of this info is not on the English Wikipedia page. This culture is quite interesting because they are theorized to be ancestors of Fatyanovo.

https://ru.m.wikipedia.org/wiki/Среднеднепровская_культура

17.02.202501:44

Reconstruction of a man of the Sredny Stog related Suvorovo culture by Ancestral Whispers. He belonged to the Q1b y haplogroup and was found in Csongrád, Hungary. He is theorized to have been a horse rider. Source: https://x.com/Sulkalmakh/status/1890763088233648603

15.02.202514:13

Reconstruction of a man from the Alakul culture (western Andronovo) of the late Bronze Age in the Southern Trans-Urals.

Author: D.C. Pozdnyakov

https://sapiensbio.ru/rekonstrukczii/avtor-pozdnyakov-d-v-rekonstrukcziya-licza-po-cherepu-muzhchiny-iz-pogr-1-skelet-2-kurgana-4-mogilnika-kulevchi-vi/

14.02.202502:22

Yamnaya reconstruction by Nechvaloda
“burial 5, mound I (Nizhnyaya Orlyanka). Pit culture 3600-2300 BC
Source: Bogachev A. V. Kuznetsov A. V. Khokhlov A. A. Veneds: Indo-European context. Samara, 2022. S. 115.”

https://sapiensbio.ru/rekonstrukczii/avtor-nechvaloda-a-i-graficheskaya-rekonstrukcziya-licza-po-cherepu-muzhchiny-yamnoj-kultury/

09.02.202516:50

Map of the samples locations of the two most common Steppe Eneolithic y haplogroup. This map was created by HurrianFan.

I2-L699 was found in the Sredny Stog culture but also in a Khvalynsk male. It was also found in the Cernavodă culture and in the Yamnaya. In Anatolia, I2-L699 was found in Hittite related samples. It was also found in Iron Age Swat Valley in Pakistan showing it survived in small amounts in later steppe groups such as Andronovo.

R1b-V1636 was the most common y haplogroup in steppe Eneolithic groups. It was related to but not ancestral to Yamnaya and Corded Ware R1b subclades. However it did show up in a Corded Ware related Single Grave culture male buried in Demark.

Supporters of the western route of Anatolian languages (through the Balkans from steppe) use I2-L699 as genetic support for the hypothesis. While supporters of an eastern route (from CLV groups migrating down through the Caucasus) may point to R1b-V1636 in eastern Anatolia.

Link to original post of the image.

08.02.202515:57

According to the recently published paper from the Harvard lab on the origins of the Indo-European languages, the roots of the Yamnaya culture is hypothesized to come out of the Mikhaylovka culture. This group forms a bridge from Sredny Stog to Core Yamnaya, expand from Ukraine.

According to one of the paper’s authors, Losif Lazaridis, he had the following to say on his twitter account.

The Yamnaya, proximal scions of the Serednii Stih archaeological culture that preceded them in the Eneolithic North Pontic region, and more distally composed of a mix of CLV newcomers and Dnipro-Don hunter-gatherers, largely eclipsed the previous inhabitants of the steppe. 4/
Source

The Yamnaya's precursors were formed by admixture ca. 4000BCE and experienced an interlude of relative isolation before the emergence of the Yamnaya horizon ca. 3300BCE. Our best guess of where this happened is in the vicinity of Mykhailivka in the Lower Dnipro in Ukraine. 5/

source

Photo credit

Reposted from:

Dan Davis Author

31.12.202416:44

I'm still making shorts, if you like that sort of thing (ie if you're a dopamine depleted ADHD zoomer)

Check out my new one on the incredible Mold Cape here.

I took some of these photos myself of the cape at the British Museum. It's such an incredible artefact. Makes you realise that Britain, on the edge of the Bronze Age world, was able to support genius metalworkers like the person who made this.

29.12.202413:40

Artistic Reconstruction of a male of the Bronze Age Fatyanovo culture. They were the result of an early eastward migration of the Corded Ware after admixing with the Globular Amphora culture (from which their pottery shows influences). They are the earliest group to have y haplogroup R1a-Z93 which is common in modern Indo-Iranian speakers.

They lived in the forests of western Russia and had an economy of pastoralism however it was not as mobile as the Yamnaya. Weapons included the classic CWC stone axe but later also ones made of metal. Bears seemed to hold importance to them as some axes had the shape of a bear head carved into it along with ornaments made of bear claws and teeth. They later would develop the Abashevo culture which is the ancestor of the Sintashta and the Srubnaya.

03.12.202420:39

Another interesting find in the new paper preprint. Even though they struggled to find steppe related R1b in Anatolia, they did find two Hittite related samples with steppe associated I2-L699 which was the most common haplogroup of current published Sredny Stog males. This fits well with the possibility of proto-Anatolians stemming from a I2-L699 rich Sredny clan.

23.11.202422:02

Corded Ware clothing interpretations from a Polish museum. Jewelry made of shells, bone and teeth have been found in archeological record. The woman’s hair net is interesting. I wonder how much of it is based on archeological record. It kind of reminds me of a preserved hair net found in the Nordic Bronze Age.

Source, photo by Silar:
https://commons.m.wikimedia.org/wiki/File:0_20210808_124922_Corded_Ware_culture_in_Lesser_Poland,_MAK.jpg